apropos: Search Help manual pages (man -k) apt-get: Search for and install software packages (Debian) aptitude: Search for and install software packages (Debian) aspell: Spell Checker awk: Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index
basename: Strip directory and suffix from filenames bash: GNU Bourne-Again SHell bc: Arbitrary precision calculator language bg: Send to background break: Exit from a loop builtin: Run a shell builtin bzip2: Compress or decompress named file(s)
cal: Display a calendar case: Conditionally perform a command cat: Concatenate and print (display) the content of files cd : Change Directory cfdisk: Partition table manipulator for Linux chgrp: Change group ownership chmod: Change access permissions chown: Change file owner and group chroot: Run a command with a different root directory chkconfig: System services (runlevel) cksum: Print CRC checksum and byte counts clear: Clear terminal screen cmp: Compare two files comm: Compare two sorted files line by line command: Run a command - ignoring shell functions continue: Resume the next iteration of a loop cp: Copy one or more files to another location cron: Daemon to execute scheduled commands crontab: Schedule a command to run at a later time csplit: Split a file into context-determined pieces cut: Divide a file into several parts
date: Display or change the date & time dc: Desk Calculator dd: Convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records ddrescue: Data recovery tool declare: Declare variables and give them attributes df: Display free disk space diff: Display the differences between two files diff3: Show differences among three files dig: DNS lookup dir: Briefly list directory contents dircolors: Colour setup for `ls' dirname: Convert a full pathname to just a path dirs: Display list of remembered directories dmesg: Print kernel & driver messages du: Estimate file space usage
echo: Display message on screen egre: Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression eject: Eject removable media enable: Enable and disable builtin shell commands env: Environment variables ethtool: Ethernet card settings eval: Evaluate several commands/arguments exec: Execute a command exit: Exit the shell expect: Automate arbitrary applications accessed over a terminal expand: Convert tabs to spaces export: Set an environment variable expr: Evaluate expressions
false: Do nothing, unsuccessfully fdformat: Low-level format a floppy disk fdisk: Partition table manipulator for Linux fg: Send job to foreground fgrep: Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string file: Determine file type find: Search for files that meet a desired criteria fmt: Reformat paragraph text fold: Wrap text to fit a specified width. for: Expand words, and execute commands format: Format disks or tapes free: Display memory usage fsck: File system consistency check and repair ftp: File Transfer Protocol function: Define Function Macros fuser: Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file
gawk: Find and Replace text within file(s) getopts: Parse positional parameters grep: Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern groupadd: Add a user security group groupdel: Delete a group groupmod: Modify a group groups: Print group names a user is in gzip: Compress or decompress named file(s)
hash: Remember the full pathname of a name argument head: Output the first part of file(s) help: Display help for a built-in command history: Command History hostname: Print or set system name iconv: Convert the character set of a file id: Print user and group id's if: Conditionally perform a command ifconfig: Configure a network interface ifdown: Stop a network interface ifup: Start a network interface up import: Capture an X server screen and save the image to file install: Copy files and set attributes
jobs: List active jobs join: Join lines on a common field kill: Stop a process from running killall: Kill processes by name
less: Display output one screen at a time let: Perform arithmetic on shell variables ln: Create a symbolic link to a file
local: Create variables locate: Find files logname: Print current login name logout: Exit a login shell look: Display lines beginning with a given string lpc: Line printer control program lpr: Off line print lprint: Print a file lprintd: Abort a print job lprintq: List the print queue lprm: Remove jobs from the print queue ls: List information about file(s) lsof: List open files
ln: Create a symbolic link to a file local: Create variables locate: Find files logname: Print current login name logout: Exit a login shell look: Display lines beginning with a given string lpc: Line printer control program lpr: Off line print lprint: Print a file lprintd: Abort a print job lprintq: List the print queue lprm: Remove jobs from the print queue ls: List information about file(s) lsof: List open files
make: Recompile a group of programs man: Help manual mkdir: Create new folder(s) mkfifo: Make FIFOs (named pipes) mkisofs: Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem mknod: Make block or character special files more: Display output one screen at a time mount: Mount a file system mtools: Manipulate MS-DOS files mtr: Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping) mv: Move or rename files or directories mmv: Mass Move and rename (files)
netstat: Networking information nice: Set the priority of a command or job nl: Number lines and write files nohup: Run a command immune to hangups notify-send: Send desktop notifications nslookup: Query Internet name servers interactively
open: Open a file in its default application op: Operator access
passwd: Modify a user password paste: Merge lines of files pathchk: Check file name portability ping: Test a network connection pkill: Stop processes from running popd: Restore the previous value of the current directory pr: Prepare files for printing printcap: Printer capability database printenv: Print environment variables printf: Format and print data ps: Process status pushd : Save and then change the current directory pwd: Print Working Directory
quota: Display disk usage and limits quotacheck: Scan a file system for disk usage quotactl: Set disk quotas
ram: ram disk device rcp: Copy files between two machines read: Read a line from standard input readarray: Read from stdin into an array variable readonly: Mark variables/functions as readonly reboot: Reboot the system rename: Rename files renice: Alter priority of running processes remsync: Synchronize remote files via email return: Exit a shell function rev: Reverse lines of a file rm: Remove files rmdir: Remove folder(s) rsync: Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)
screen: Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh scp: Secure copy (remote file copy) sdiff: Merge two files interactively sed: Stream Editor select: Accept keyboard input seq: Print numeric sequences set: Manipulate shell variables and functions sftp : Secure File Transfer Program shift: Shift positional parameters shopt: Shell Options shutdown: Shutdown or restart linux sleep: Delay for a specified time slocate: Find files sort: Sort text files source: Run commands from a file `.' split: Split a file into fixed-size pieces ssh: Secure Shell client (remote login program) strace: Trace system calls and signals su: Substitute user identity sudo: Execute a command as another user sum: Print a checksum for a file suspend: Suspend execution of this shell symlink: Make a new name for a file sync: Synchronize data on disk with memory
tail: Output the last part of file tar: Tape ARchiver tee: Redirect output to multiple files test: Evaluate a conditional expression time: Measure Program running time times: User and system times touch: Change file timestamps top: List processes running on the system traceroute: Trace Route to Host trap: Run a command when a signal is set(bourne) tr: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters true: Do nothing, successfully tsort: Topological sort tty: Print filename of terminal on stdin type: Describe a command
ulimit: Limit user resources umask: Users file creation mask umount: Unmount a device unalias: Remove an alias uname: Print system information unexpand: Convert spaces to tabs uniq: Uniquify files units: Convert units from one scale to another unset: Remove variable or function names unshar: Unpack shell archive scripts until: Execute commands (until error) uptime: Create new user account userdel: Delete a user account usermod: Modify user account users: List users currently logged in uuencode: Encode a binary file uudecode: Decode a file created by uuencode
v: Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b') vdir: Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b') vi : Text Editor vmstat: Report virtual memory statistics
wait: Wait for a process to complete watch: Execute/display a program periodically wc: Print byte, word, and line counts whereis: Search the user's $path, man pages and source files for a program which: Search the user's $path for a program file while: Execute commands who: Print all usernames currently logged in whoami : Print the current user id and name (`id -un') wget: Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP write: Send a message to another user
xargs: Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s) xdg-open: Open a file or URL in the user's preferred application. yes: Print a string until interrupted